In the early days, soap was made at home. On soap-making day, a big iron pot was put over an outdoor fireplace. Into the pot went all the fat and grease that the women had saved during the year. Lye made by soaking hardwood ashes in water was added to the melted fat, and boiled; when the mixture was thick enough, it was poured into tubs to cool. If a hard soap were needed, salt would be added to the boiling mixture. When the soap had set and hardened, it was cut into squares, and dried, to be used all year. Pioneer women made their own candles, too. When one of the cattle was butchered, its fat was melted down in a big pot; making liquid tallow. Cotton wicks were strung on rods, and the rods hung on poles which rested between the backs of two chairs. One after another, the rods with the wicks were dipped into the melted tallow. They had to be dipped many times before the candles were thick enough to use. (Another messy job!) Mutton fat made slightly harder candles, and in the very early days wicks of pithy reeds and rushes were used. Later, metal moulds were used, eliminating the tedious and messy dipping; and today candle-making is just another hobby. The settlers' homes were heated at first by open wood fires with stone hearth and chimney, as in the MacAulay log house, supplemented by outdoor bread ovens built of stone. Then came the iron wood-stove, with the stove pipe going up to warm the upstairs, which nevertheless would be pretty cold in winter. Later an oven was attached to the top of the stove, and next came the Franklin stove with the oven enclosed. Later wood-stove models were large and elaborate, with a big cooking surface, warming oven and plate rack, and provision for hot water. Wood was the source of fuel until the turn of the century, when coal was sometimes used; and a furnace set up in the basement was a real luxury. In the late 1940 s oil became a source of heat here, for cooking, for space heaters and for furnaces. The combination "Kemac" stove was popular; oil supplemented wood, and it was a cook stove as well as a house warmer. Nowadays there is a trend back to wood stoves, both as a back-up when the oil-fired hot air furnace is put out of action by an electrical failure, and as a main source of heat. Old-timers were very conscious of the danger of flue fires, and took good care to keep their chimneys and stove piDes clean; the modern generation, and parti?? cularly newcomers to the Island, are not always as careful, and may not appreciate the build-up of creosote in the flues of the newer air-tight slow combustion wood stoves. Stanhope homes are still banked at ground level with seaweed as in the old days. For light, the early settlers used candles, made as described above. Lamps were the next development, using the locally produced fish oil, until the advent of kerosene in the latter half of the 1800 s; whale oil and seal oil were also used earlier. There were household lamps with 30